GRAM STAINING

INTRODUCTION:
Gram staining is a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups: gram positive and gram negative.

OBJECTIVES:
1. Differentiate yogurt bacteria (Streptococcus and Lactobacillus)
2. Relate the staining procedure with the structure of the cells.

MATERIAL:
- Slide
- Tongs
- Cover slip
- Needle
- Gram stain: crystal violet, iodine and safranin
- Decolorize reagenti: ethanol 96%
- Yogurt
- Microscope

PROCEDURE:
1. Fix a piece of yogurt
2. Add crystal violet during 1 minute and 30 seconds
3. Add water
4. Add Lugol during 1 minute
5. Add water
6. Add ethanol
7. Add safranin during 1 minute
8. Add water 

MITOSIS IN AN ONION ROOT

INTRODUCTION:
In this experiment we will see the parts of the mitosi in a onion root.

Parts of the mitosi

MATERIAL:
-Distilled water
-Orceine A and B
-Water
-Onion
- Microscope
- Slide
- Coverslip
-Dropper
-Needles emmanegades
- Watch glass
- Beaker
- Thin tongs
- lighter
- Cellulose paper


PROCEDURE:
1。Put the onion in a beaker with water for a week， because the roots need touch the water

2。When the roots grow up 3cm, cut the final 4 mm and put this in the watch glass with orceine A. 

3。Then, you need to put in  the heater with the flame of the lighter until you see vapor

4。 With the tongs take the piece of the root and put in a slide and put the orceine B with the dropper. 

5。 Put the coverslip and with a piece of cellulose paper you need to push and turn in the coverslide to extend de cells. 

6。Observe with the microscope with 600 increases and you will see the parts of the mitosi. 

NANO ENCAPSULATION

MATERIALS:
-Sodium chloride
-Sodium alginate
-Coca-Cola
-Beaker
-Pipet
-Strainer

PROCEDURE:
- We mix the sodium chloride with the sodium alginate, this contain coca-cola.
- Then you will see a gelatinous form that precipitated and you will have the pill.
- And you must take the strainer and the coca-cola inside.















APLICATIONS OF NANOENCAPSULATION:
1. The first aplication is with the food industry: incorporation food ingredients, enzymes, cells or other materials in small devices.


2. In the second aplication we see the development of new materials,  including biomaterials and biocomposites for food, pharmaceutical, biomedical and chemical.

3. And the last you can see the development of new micro and nanoencapsulation systems for the protection of various bioactive ingredients.

 

BIOTEST

MATERIAL:
-Nanoparticules of gold
-Watch glasses
-Distilled water
-Water with sugar
-NaCl

PROCEDURE:
Firtst we need to know that the nanoparticules of gold change their color when we cahnge the agregation.
We have tree watch glasses
-In the firs watch glasses we put distilled water and gold. But we can't see any reaction.
-In the second watch glasses we put water with sugar and gold. But we can't see any reaction.
-In the third watch glasses we put NaCl and gold. In this reaction the nanoparticules change the color(blue)











Nanoparticules of gold

QUESTION:
Why change the color when we add NaCl?
Because the agregation of nanoparticules change.

BIOTOXICITAT

MATERIAL:
-Silver nanoparticles
-Sugar and yest
-Destilled water
-Hot place
-Ballon
-Spatula
-Pipet

PROCEDURE:
1. We take the nanoparticules of silver. The silver nanoparticules are toxics and damage the live cells.
2. We have three elermeyers: in the firt elermeyer we put sugar, yest and water. In the second elermeyer we put sugar, yest, water and 1ml of silver. And in the third elermeyer we put water, sugar, yest and 3ml of silver.
3.Then we put the elermeyers in the hot place with one ballon clousen the elermeyer.

CONCLUSION:
We see that the experiment procedure CO2 and we see that the ballon inflate,

QUESTION:
Why not inflate the last ballon?
Because the nanoparticules of silver kill the yest.

NANOESCALA

MATERIAL:
-2 beaker
-2 efervecent tablet
-Morter

PROCEDURE:
In the first beaker we put the efervecent table with water. The efervecent table dissolves slowly because is very big and thick.
In the second beaker we put the efervecent table with water,but in this beaker the efervencent table is crushed. For this it dissolves more quickly.

QUESTION:
Why the crushed table was faster?
Because thre are more surface

LEAF PIGMENTS CHROMATOGRAPHY:

OBJECTIVE:
We are going to do a paper chromatography.

MATERIAL:
-Mortal and pestle
-Scissor
-Funnel
-Graduated cylinder
-Beaker (250ml)
-Sand
-Ethanol
-Spinacks
-CaCO3
-Cellulose paper

PROCEDURE:




-Take ten spinacks
-Cut it in small pieces in the mortal (Not take the nerve)
-Put the sand in the mortal with a spatula
-Add CaCo3 in the mortal with a spatula
-Add 50ml the ethanol in the mortal

 -Then you need to grind
-Filter this in a graduated cylinder with cellulose paper and put all in the beaker
-Create a small paper and put inside the beacker
-Create other small paper fold it and put into other beaker

QUESTIONS:
1.Why do we add sand?
For brake the cell and cloroplast.

2.Why do we add calcium carbonate?
For avoid the pigmnets degradesion.

3.Which is the colour of every pigmnets?
Clorofila green, xantofil yellow and carotenoide orange.

4.What adaptative purpose do differents colored pigmnets serve for a plant?
Because the light have diferents wave lenghts and the pigmnets take this diferents waves lenghts.

5.Why do they separate on the cellulose paper?
Because not all the pigmnets have the same solubility.